How Hunger Motivation Affects A Rat s Memory And Spatial...

Our purpose is to build a rat maze and find out how hunger motivation affects a rat’s memory and spatial reasoning. By learning more about what drives a rat’s actions we could in turn learn more about humans and what motivates them. Understanding why animals are motivated to complete a task can shed light onto reasons why animals behave the way they do and why animals chose to repeat a behavior. Background Information: For our experiment, we will be testing if motivation from hunger affects the memory and spatial reasoning of rats. We will be using two rats of the same breed and age. One will be fed, and the other will be unfed. After performing the experiment, we will compare the number of trials and time it took for each rat to get through the same maze. Since the early 20th century rats and other rodents have been used in experimental mazes to study spatial learning and memory in rats. They can also help uncover general principles about learning that can be applied to humans, and to determine whether different treatments or conditions affect learning and memory in rats. Rats are used in these mazes because they are particularly gifted at running them. It comes from their evolutionary history of digging and finding their way around underground tunnels. There are many types of rat mazes used in experiments, such as the T maze, the multiple T maze, the Y maze, the radial arm maze, and the Morris water maze. Over time, rats tend to run the maze with fewer errors and moreShow MoreRelated023 Understand Child and Young Person development6353 Words   |  26 Pagessome girls are starting to change (growing breasts) and some might start their periods. 12-16 years Gradual body changes in both girls and boys (girls physically mature quicker [around 15/ 16] than boys [around 17/18]. Fast body changes may affect spatial awareness which can become occasionally poor as a result. 16-19 years The maturing of the body is finishing with the full development of sexual organs; the body is taking a distinctive female or male shape. 023 Table 2:Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

Discussing Hiroshima Free Essays

Hiroshima by John Hersey provides the reader with a front row seat to the devastation that atomic power can cause. This book tells the story of the bombing of Hiroshima, Japan on that fateful day in August, 1945, through the eyes of various survivors. Through the eyes of those survivors, we are able to see a glimpse of the horror that occurred on August 6th, 1945. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussing Hiroshima or any similar topic only for you Order Now We are able to see how devastating atomic power can be, not only structurally and physically, but also the long term repercussions as well. The force of the atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945 was absolutely devastating. The pressure from the explosion â€Å"varied from 5. 3 to 8. 0 tons per square yard†, and â€Å"had more power than 20,000 tons of TNT. † The bombs blast was forceful enough to move gravestones, knock over railroad cars, and move concrete bridges. The heat of the bomb at its center â€Å"must have been 6,000i Celsius. † The bomb caused concrete to become discolored to a â€Å"light, reddish tint, had scaled off the surface of granite. . . and left prints of the shadows left by its light. † Over 2,500 yards away from the center, a shadow was found that had been â€Å"projected by the handle of a gas pump. There were also a few â€Å"vague human silhouettes† found near the center. Over 62,000 buildings were destroyed, and nearly 6,000 were devastated beyond repair. â€Å"In the heart of the city. . . only five modern buildings. . . could be used again without major repairs. † Houses had been knocked down, whole city blocks had collapsed, fire engulfed everything, and â€Å"gas storage tanks went up in a tremendous burst of flames. † There was â€Å"four square miles of a reddish-brown scar† where everything burned down. On the roadways there were â€Å"hundreds of crumpled bicycles, shells of streetcars and automobiles, all halted in mid-motion. Of the 245, 000 people that lived in Hiroshima when the bomb dropped, 100,000 died and another 100,000 were injured. This number was much greater than the original estimate that â€Å"78,150 people had died, 13,983 were missing, and 37,425 had been injured. † As more and more corpses were recovered from the wreckage, the death toll raised to over 100,000. It is calculated that â€Å"about 25 per cent had died of direct burns from the bomb, about 50 per cent from other injuries, and about 20 per cent as a result of radiation effects. Of those that died, there were hundreds of school girls who had been enlisted to clear fire lanes, 65 out of 150 doctors, 1,654 out of 1,780 nurses died (or were to injured to work), and at the Red Cross Hospital there were only 6 doctors and 10 nurses able to work. The injuries sustained from the bombing were primarily burns, but also injuries from falling debris. Some burns had formed patterns onto persons skin as â€Å"white [clothing] repelled the heat of the bomb and dark clothes absorbed it and conducted it to the skin. Burns caused directly by the bomb i tself caused a persons skin to slip off in â€Å"huge glove like pieces. † The burns were â€Å"first yellow, then red and swollen, with the skin sloughed off, and finally. . . suppurated and smelly. † Upon coming across 20 soldiers, it was stated that their â€Å"faces were wholly burned, their eye sockets were hollow and the fluid from their melted eyes had run down their cheeks. Their mouths were mere swollen, pus covered wounds. . . † Nausea and vomiting were profound, caused by the â€Å"odor of ionization. . . given off by the bomb’s fission. Many more drowned in the river while trying to escape the raging fires. Once in the river, the found themselves to weak or injured to badly to cross and drowned when the tide came in. Many people were told that â€Å"there is no hope for the heavily wounded. They will die. We can’t bother with them. † Help was primarily given to the lightly wounded as it took less time, and therefore, more lives could be saved. For the most part, only saline and iodine were used to treat injuries, as there was a severe shortage of medical supplies. There were thousands of injured persons that had no one to help them. Although people were dying by the hundreds, there was nobody to carry away the corpses. The scene of hospitals was that of the living laying among the dead, and in their state of shock it was difficult to tell them apart. Doctors were overwhelmed with the â€Å"thousands of patients sprawled out among [the] corpses. † Although there were many that were â€Å"gruesomely wounded†, there were also many that died while having no apparent injuries. The remains of the deceased were eventually cremated, the placed in envelopes with their name upon it. Time was taken to do this because â€Å"disposal of the dead, by decent cremation and enshrinement, is a greater moral responsibility to the Japanese than adequate care of the living. † The few who were not seriously injured felt a sense of guilt for their lack of injuries. Many people only helped their own family, unable to â€Å"comprehend or tolerate a wider circle of misery. † Hysteria and shock began to set in, many became numb to their surroundings. They were â€Å"so emotionally worn out that nothing could surprise them. † To many ‘the bombing almost seemed a natural disaster. . . as the terrible aftermath and human suffering â€Å"reached so far beyond human understanding. † Many of the survivors suddenly felt sick about one month after the bomb was dropped. They came down with the â€Å"strange, capricious disease which came later to be known as radiation sickness. † This unprecedented disease had 3 stages. The first stage was a direct reaction to the bomb going off. These were the many â€Å"apparently uninjured people who died so mysteriously in the first few hours or days. † This is what â€Å"killed 95 per cent of the people within a half mile of the center [of where the bomb was dropped], and many thousands who were farther away. Although they may have had burns, these people died from the radiation, not the burns. The radiation caused their â€Å"nuclei to degenerate†, basically, every cell in their body broke down. The second stage of radiation sickness began 10-15 days after the bombing. Signs exhibited included hair loss, diarrhea, and fever. Then 25-30 days after the bombing, new symptoms began to develop. These symptoms included blood disorders, a drastic drop in white blood cell count (WBC), a rise in i nfections due to the drop of WBC, hemorrhages, slow healing of simple wounds, and anemia. The third stage followed after, and lasted anywhere from one week to several months or longer. The primary symptom was the fluctuation in the white blood cell count. After the WBC had stabilized, wounds would finally begin to heal. As the burns healed, keloid scars formed. Keloid scars were â€Å"hideously ugly, thick, itchy, rubbery, copper-red crablike growths. † There was, at that time, no reliable literature on treatment for these scars. Doctors found that if they removed the keloids, the often returned. Yet, if left untreated, the keloids would sometimes become infected and affect the surrounding muscles. The survivors also had a higher incidence of leukemia- 10 to 50 times higher than the norm. Other types of cancer were also higher among the survivors. Many survivors developed â€Å"A-bomb cataracts†, children’s growth was stunted, as well as various long term heath problems like â€Å"anemia, liver dysfunction, sexual problems, endocrine disorders, and accelerated aging. † â€Å"The Japanese tended to shy away from the term ‘survivors’. . .. † and instead referred to them as â€Å"hibakusha†, or â€Å"explosion affected persons. † The hibakusha’s â€Å"lived in an economic limbo† as the Japanese government didn’t want to acknowledge them. By not acknowledging them, the government didn’t have to accept â€Å"moral responsibility for the heinous acts of the victorious United States. † At this point, â€Å"the anger of many hibakusha. . . modulated towards their own government. † There were no special provisions provided for the hibakusha until 1957. In 1957, the A-Bomb Victims Medical Care Law was established. This provided support, free medical treatment, and eventually monthly allowances for the hibakusha’s. However, many hibakusha’s initially rejected it as they had â€Å"a suspicion of ulterior motives. † Employers developed a prejudice against the hibakusha due to their â€Å"A-Bomb sickness; a nagging weakness and weariness, dizziness now and then, digestive troubles, all aggravated by a feeling of oppression, a sense of doom. . . † Surprisingly, there was a divided opinion about the use of the bomb on Hiroshima. Father Siemes stated that, â€Å"Some of us consider the bomb in the same category as poison gas and were against its use on a civilian population. Others were in the opinion that in total war. . . there was no difference between civilians and soldiers. . . † Hiroshima was engulfed by devastation from the instant the atomic bomb went off, and for many years to follow. Over 100,000 lost their lives, and the survivors, or hibakusha, lost the lives they once knew. As we move forward with new technology, we must look to the ahead to see the future outcomes new technologies could hold. Hopefully, as we look to the future, we remember that atomic power can be devastating. It is amazing that something so small could nearly level an entire city, cost thousands their lives, and still has reverberating effects long after the dust has settled. How to cite Discussing Hiroshima, Papers

Writing Lessons You Can Learn From Your Favorite TV Shows

It’s one of the best ways to wind down during a study break or a lazy Sunday: tuning in to Hulu or Netflix for some of your favorite shows. But do you ever stop to ask yourself why you love these shows so much? Something about them has captured your attention. What if you could make your writing as captivating as those TV shows you love? What if you could write an essay, story, or lab report that held your reader’s attention to the very end? Maybe that seems far-fetched, but some of the qualities that make these shows unforgettable can also be applied to your writing. Here’s how. 1. â€Å"Blackish:† Show, don’t tell. You probably love this show because of its humor, and the funny, well-developed characters. Another great thing about the show is the understated social message. Beneath the humor, there is an undercurrent of commentary on racism and LGBT issues. But no one is holding a billboard announcing: â€Å"Attention! This is an example of racist stereotyping!† Instead, we see this message played out through the actions and behavior of the characters. Any essay or report that you write also has a message, or a â€Å"thesis.† In effective writing as in a good TV show, this message is revealed through details, examples, and quotes rather than simple and obvious statements. 2. â€Å"Game of Thrones:† Realism and accuracy always win. Although â€Å"The Game of Thrones† belongs to the fantasy genre, the writers purposely limit elements of magic in favor of making the story an accurate reflection of the dark and brutal way of life in medieval times. The violence and the dark stories of intrigue make the viewer feel like they are experiencing the Middle Ages firsthand. This is part of what makes the show so appealing. Your writing will also be more appealing to your readers if you strive for realism and accuracy. Take the extra time to research your topic thoroughly to bring your reader the true blood and guts of your subject. 3. â€Å"The Walking Dead:† Examining a problem from all sides. What if an apocalyptic event occurred in which those who died became brain-eating zombies? â€Å"The Walking Dead† has held steady success for eight seasons by thoroughly exploring this premise. It examines the differing motivations of the characters, how these characters react differently to the post-apocalyptic world, and how these actions influence the story. Just like a zombie apocalypse, the problems that you explore in your writing have different sides and affect people in different ways. A stock market crash will be experienced differently by a CEO than by a factory worker, and their reactions will affect one another. A good essay or report will examine a problem from all possible angles. 4. â€Å"Criminal Minds:† Deliver the profile. â€Å"Criminal Minds† is a great detective show, with a twist. Instead of profiling the crime itself, the B.A.U. team solves it by compiling a list of clues about the killer, which gives them the ability to determine who and where he is going to attack next. An effective paper will present the reader with a â€Å"profile† in the introduction, outlining the list of clues that have led to a particular conclusion. Then you can develop your paper as if you were solving a crime. 5. â€Å"Breaking Bad:† How does change happen? The character of Walter White is a case study on how events can change a character from good to evil. The well-intentioned chemistry teacher is transformed by the events of poverty and illness into a ruthless drug dealer. Are you analyzing some kind of transformative change in your paper? What are the factors that led to that change? As you examine the transformation in depth, you may find that it is every bit as complicated and intriguing as the sea-change of Walt White. So don’t worry about your next writing assignment! With a little imagination, you can make it into a hit!

women on television essays

women on television essays The quality of American television has become a national disgrace. Young women in America who are displeased with their appearance more likely then not can trace those feelings directly back to images from the media on television. The unrealistic representations of women that the media bombards young women with indicates that the television has become a source for a distorted understanding of gender roles among adolescent women. These images warp young women's views of their own gender identity. The media on television should in an attempt to provide more positive gender identities for adolescent women depict women on television in more realistic ways, should stop reinforcing negative stereotypes of women, and stop portraying women as sex objects in advertising. Television is unrepresentative of the real world. Since most major directors on television are males, they depict a world, which agrees with their concepts of society on television. Young women see women in roles on television as being submissive to men or as not as intelligent as men are. For example, the case of the female mayor on the comedy shows South Park. She went to Princeton, yet she makes moronic decisions for the town and flagrantly poses for photos. The media should show positive roles that young women could identify with and imitate positive behavior from strong female role models. Television besieges women with portrayals of old women fearing the youth of young women. The result of these images is that these ideas create competition among women and divides women. The media should also be aware of the images of women depicted since young women in other countries also see the American television. In developing countries television ownership is rising and as much as sev enty one percent of television programming is from more affluent countries . Equally important would be to stop reinforcing negative stereotypes of women on tele ...

Here Is the Reason Why Dry Ice Makes Fog

Here Is the Reason Why Dry Ice Makes Fog Why you put a piece of dry ice in water, youll see a cloud of what looks like smoke or fog billow away from the surface and down toward the floor. The cloud is not carbon dioxide, but actual water fog.   How Dry Ice Produces Water Fog Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide, a molecule that is found as a gas in the air. Carbon dioxide has to be cooled to at least  -109.3  °F to become a solid. When a chunk of dry ice is exposed to room temperature air it undergoes sublimation, which means it changes from a solid directly into a gas, without melting into a liquid first. Under ordinary conditions, this occurs at the rate of 5-10 pounds of dry ice converting into gaseous carbon dioxide per day. Initially, the gas is much colder than the surrounding air. The sudden drop in temperature causes water vapor in the air to condense into tiny droplets, forming fog. Only a small amount of fog is visible in the air around a piece of dry ice. However, if you drop dry ice in water, especially hot water, the effect is magnified. The carbon dioxide forms bubbles of cold gas in the water. When the bubbles escape at the surface of the water, the warmer moist air condenses into lots of fog. The fog sinks toward the floor both because it is colder than the air and because carbon dioxide is denser than air. After a time, the gas warms up, so the fog dissipates. When you make dry ice fog, the concentration of carbon dioxide is increased near the floor. Ready to try it yourself? Heres how to make dry ice fog, safely.

Jesus, Antigone and Augustine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Jesus, Antigone and Augustine - Essay Example This paper shall seek to look at the figures of Antigone, Jesus Christ and Augustine. These three figures fought against established forms of authority. What is significant about this collection of revolutionaries is that all three of them adopted methods that were not violent. All three of them were however, practitioners of very different methods and controversies remain as to the reasons as to why these three employed the methods of resistance that they employed. Antigone is a fictional character created by the great playwright Sophocles. His characterization of Antigone was meant to evoke strong reactions. On the other hand are Jesus and Augustine, both of whom are historical characters about whom most information is present, however, in the form of legends. Augustine is more of a historical character than Jesus, since information regarding him survives in the form of his writings. Jesus Christ was a person who lived during the times of the Roman Empire was a Jew who was consider ed to be the messiah of the Jews. The Jews in the Roman Empire lived under the control of the Roman Empire and were resentful of the control of whom they considered to be foreigners. Jesus, according to the Bible, was the Messiah (Mark 8: 27-32). He claimed to be the son of God and thus divine. He, according to the Bible, was the person who had taken on the form of man in order to wash off the sins of mankind and provide him with redemption. According to writers like John Milton, he was to be considered to have volunteered to save man from eternal perdition by laying down his own life voluntarily. By voluntarily undergoing a gruesome death at the cross, Jesus would act the role of the sacrificial lamb and thus free mankind from the original sin. Milton talks of the beginning of this story in his great work Paradise Lost (Milton). This account of the life of Jesus is however, not a strictly historical one. Historically, he is considered by many to have been a member of the Jewish com munity that was oppressed by the Roman Empire. He was a religious leader who sought to change the dynamics of power as they existed between the Roman officials and Empire and the Jews and the other original inhabitants of what is known today as Israel. Jesus’ contribution to the liberation of the people f Israel is considered to be seminal and this is considered by some to be the reason as to why he was deified by some. Antigone, on the other hand, is an almost completely fictional character. She is present in the work Antigone, by Sophocles. The importance of the character can be gauged from the fact that she is the titular character in the play. She also is the character who provides the play with its thematic thrust with an emphasis on the resistance to the established powers of the state. She is the daughter of Oedipus, who was once the king of Thebes and Jocasta, who was also the mother of Oedipus. The Oedipal tale is one of how man is unable to change his own fate. The tale of Antigone is however, that of one who makes an effort despite this knowledge, to change her fate. The very existence f Antigone is a challenge to the traditional social structures of her time, since she is the product of incest. Hers is a situation where her mother and her grandmother are the same person. This situation is according to conventional understandings of events, an unnatural one and Antigone is thus, a challenge to the

Film Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Critique - Essay Example much as the ethics vary from place to place and from person to another, a proper comprehension of the ethical values of your environment or that of the immediate society becomes a vital concern. This is important since it ensures a common or a mutual coexistence in such societies despite differences. The â€Å"Ideas of March† had been branded a fateful day in the Roman Empire calendar which also had a correspondence to other calendar dates. During this day, Stephen Meyers (Gov. Morris campaign manager), Paul Zara (Gov. Morris campaign aide) and Tom Duffy, (Pullman’s campaign manager) are presented in a campaign in which their ethical standards are subjected to a rigor of scrutiny. A thorough examination of the conduct of the three characters during their campaigns reveals that they have all broken the ethical standards. To begin with appears the rumpled Zara Paul (Philip Seymour Hoffman), who is Morris’s Chief assistant campaign manager. Paul Zara is described as a quite confident and a more devoted admirer of the governor and highlights on the key issues during his speech. The speech addresses the big issues such as military performance, global warming and taxation. However, the address of such issues has been common during the US elections. The latter entails chicanery, blackmail, inappropriate sex, bribery and as a result coerce many individuals to compromise not only their personalities but also declared principles hence sacrifice their ambitions in exchange for survival. The act of pushing individuals into decisions that do not auger well with their will amounts to break of ethical codes and standards set by a particular society. On the other hand, Stephen Myers (Ryan Gosling) appears to the podium where he begins his speech. On the podium, Stephen Myers begins his speech by addressing his religious preferences after which he begins to whistle and whisper into the microphone. Religion is a critical matter in most people lives as it is known to be the